Archive for the ‘Financial’ Category

Saving up Money Wisely

Most people often think that they will risk a lot of their money once they invest their money on something. It’s not true, anyhow, because that’s not the idea of investment. When people want to invest their money, it means they’re saving up money for later use. It’s basically almost the same as saving up money at banks, but with different mechanism and different policies.

When people want to have sound and safe investment, without involving too many risks, they can always go to Sovereign Insurance Company to consult everything. The staffs there are able to provide deep and thorough information of how everything works. They’re able to give illustrations or examples of what to expect from such financial investment. They’re even able to provide possible obstacles or problems that may arise in the future. When people have deeper information and insight of what they will face, they won’t have to worry about their investment prospect.

One of the ways to invest money is through insurance. Not only this way is efficient to ‘force’ people to spend monthly expense, it’s also good to cover unexpected events. When people have health insurance, for example, they won’t have to worry in case they have medical issues.

Financial Aid Planning – Four Steps to Reviewing and Appealing Honours

The final step in the financial aid process is to carefully evaluation your financial aid award letters. The majority of families presume these letters tend to be the final provide from the school. Whilst in many cases this is correct in numerous other instances an aid honor can be increased considerably.

1. Evaluate Estimations with Honours: The first step in this particular process is to take your financial aid estimations that you developed during your planning process and do a comparison to the real financial aid honor. If the percent of need met and the family member mix of aid, grants and scholarship grants versus college student loans, is rather near chances are the award will not change if you ask for more income. If the require fulfilled is significantly less or the blend of aid is actually manipulated considerably towards college student loans a good appeal of the honor may be in order.

2. Know the Facts: In order to attractiveness you need to now your facts. Pick which school your college student wants to go to the the majority of. In the event that the aid offered is not near to the estimates you can type a foundation for a good appeal. Next, be sure to know your student’s course position and SAT or even ACT scores and compare them to the common student entering that college. In the event that your college student is actually in the top 25% of students getting into the school it is likely you may have a sympathetic ear in the financial aid office. Next, be sure to evaluation all the awards from all the other colleges exactly where the student has been accepted and do a comparison to the college in query. Having an extremely wise or gifted student that has already been taken in three or four schools offering much better financial aid significantly raises your chances of getting much more aid.
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Is Forex Software Really Worth Buying?

These days more and more traders are interested in buying forex trading software to execute trade in forex exchange market. But, before the invention of forex trading software, forex traders, private investors and forex brokers would have to sit up late night to analyze the trends in forex trading market so that they can able to make correct moves to either purchase or trade a specific currency pair. Automated forex software has surely made this task easier and with the help of this software it is also possible for all forex investors to have a comfortable night rest as well, knowing that this software will work for them in nights, will watch the movements and trends in forex currency market for them.

Lots of immature forex investors are interested to know whether they should really invest in buying such type of software in their first forex trade venture. While this software can eliminate the human touch capabilities like emotions, gut feeling or institution, forex software will act as a robot. It is sophisticatedly programmed to pursue certain instructions and parameters that are purely based upon forex trading. Forex software will remove all the complexities and the risk factor that used to be the common feature of forex trading in the past. It not only simplifies forex trading for immature investors but lots of experienced forex traders also get advantage from this trading software.

Well, you still need to develop understanding about important forex trading software handling matters like that of huge money transactions and in trend sensitive transactions because an automated forex trading software can be extremely advanced and complicated at times. It can perform each and every task like that of a human forex trader like that of forex map strategies, can predict forex trends, can spot out the trend quickly and it can also perform real forex trade as well. This software is able to achieve impossible tasks as well. It will stay inexhaustible for you and it will bring forex trade to you for about 24 hours and 7 days a week.

When forex traders buy forex trading software, they generally assume that they have almost done the most difficult job of finding the right forex software; now all they need is to check their forex accounts occasionally to check out whether they are performing well or not. The software is indeed an autopilot and it can do everything for you just like a human trader but you should also develop some knowledge and understanding about forex trading so that you can run your forex software sensibly.

Formulating Financial Objectives

Creating financial goals seems to be a challenging task for many. It is the truth that most people haven’t learned from our parents how to create financial goals or how to manage our finances since they have not been taught themselves. Our parents teach us how it’s they are doing know and that’s all they’re able to do.

It’s very unfortunate which a subject that affects the whole society is not taught within the school system. We discover ways to read and write, history of the world among other subjects which is valuable, however being expected to function nowadays without the knowledge on what finances work when it’s so crucial to our success is totally outrageous.

With that said, I’m excited to report that it doesn’t should be doing this and yes it still doesn’t imply that we will need to remain uneducated about our finances. But here’s the catch…..it’s your decision to find answers, it’s not at all as much as someone to explain to you. The very best news is always that you will find answers throughout you, nevertheless, you must do the work as well as the research into the ins and outs first. Read the rest of this entry »

Capital Financing Solutions

Capital Financing is forever a major challenge for smaller than average medium-sized business in Canada. And that is not necessarily to say that larger corporations don’t possess that challenge, it’s simply a case of having more assets and resources to deal with the same challenge.

Like a business proprietor or financial manager how much funding that you might want, along with the method that you accomplish that financing is really what drives what is anxiety your challenge. It is necessary, in understanding your money flow needs and solutions, to find out should your capital financing is necessary due to capital intensive nature of one’s business – or in the event you the truth is simply need to ‘ monetize’, or ‘cash flow ‘ your assets in order to generate more capital and faster turnover of people funds.

Your focus on cash and business financing becomes sustained should your sales are increasing. However, simultaneously to be able to obtain business credit in Canada remains challenging.

Bank financing has become more difficult to accumulate, and several firms are looking at non traditional or alternative options for financing to secure the funds they need for capital. Read the rest of this entry »

Finance Tips You Can Use With Your Personal Day Life

If you’re out there all on your own as well as you must learn to control your hard earned money it could be extremely tough. This isn’t a thing that everyone discovers with a youthful age group as well as if you have not really already been educated the way to stability the checkbook, how to approach credit cards appropriately, or even just how to setup the month to month spending budget, you then tend to be approach powering and also you’ll need a small economic assistance. Listed here are 3 monetary suggestions that will help a person right away.

1. Establishing a suitable Price range

The very best economic suggestion you are able to actually discover is actually one which will highlight just how to create a suitable cover monthly or even what ever time period is best suited to suit your needs. You should checklist out there all your costs even though they’re not really month-to-month or even every week. Next, you should determine once they are Read the rest of this entry »

Totally free Economic Consultation for the period of debt problems.

Totally free Economic Appointment concerns your own help as it’s needed one of the most. Economic Discussion is actually this kind of advantage for many who are usually battling to create their own economic worries in it. If you wish to examine different choices regarding debt negotiation and also credit card debt supervision at the same time guarantee your self associated with in no way engaging in the econimic place again in your lifetime next using the particular Economic Appointment will definitely allow you to.

The actual Appointment is performed through qualified specialists which understand the actual working’s regarding financial situation within and also out there. They provide an individual the most effective associated with suggestions good decades regarding encounter and also experience they’ve gathered regarding by themselves. Additionally, it is possible to make sure that what you may talk about in the course of Discussion stays private and also you turn out along with appear guidance which you can use Read the rest of this entry »

Forex Trading Techniques That Function – Understanding the “Fundamentals”

Foreign exchange (“Forex”) exchanging can be a complicated organization. The dangerous exchange investor must bring into account (amongst other points) what might be called the “fundamental” elements of a nation’s financial state (i.e. the qualitative factors that may have a very bearing on its currency’s transaction fee). So, what are these “fundamental” variables? They contain political positions and developments (just like adjustments to a nation’s government’s economic policy) and related choices manufactured by a nation’s central financial institution.

The Foreign exchange industry has transformed rather drastically since participation was opened up in the 1970′s; now, it is just not just the banks, but a range of establishments and investors (both massive and small) that routinely participate from the marketplace. When you do choose to operate in this current market, you’d be well advised to enroll in a very reputable program to master the nitty gritty with the tricky planet of foreign exchange buying and selling, come across out in regards to the various distinct approaches that this could be done and to consistently apply Currency trading exchanging tactics that operate.

In an overall sense, if a Forex trading investor understands tips on how to conduct a fundamental economic analysis, he or she are going to be in the a great deal far better position to recognise when to exit an “over inflated” economy previous to its economic “bubble” bursts.

How It is possible to Do Currency trading Buying and selling On the internet From House

Foreign currency dealing has witnessed a massive boost while using availability on the Web. The global buying and selling of currencies is continuous, when a single market place closes one more opens. This signifies that trades can happen day time or night; so wherever you are, whatever time it might be, you’ll be able to get included in obtaining and marketing unusual currency exchange.

Fortunately quite a few Currency trading investing hosts also offer you dummy platforms. This can enable you to attempt your hand at generating exchanges and receiving to grips while using the changeable markets before stumping up your hard earned money.

The finest point about Foreign currency is that you can business from anyplace. So even if you’re a postman by evening, you possibly can arrive house and trade hundreds as well as 1000s of pounds from your study. All you will need to try and do is download the application or find the on-line system of alternative and get began.

Read more articles
Automated Forex Trading – Making Money Online, Is It Achievable?
Forex Trading – Make Money Through Fluctuating Currency Prices
Foreign Exchange Trading: Making Money Without Too Much Work
Learn FOREX Trading-Make a Difference

You will discover quite a few forecasting products and services, though the best correct of these can fee huge quantities of cash to secure. When you master how Currency trading investing works you’re likely to create your private approach of reading through marketplace fluctuations. Whether or not that’s a single reputable base, an expert you know or blind faith, you need to get a grasp of what you need to be seeking for.

Andy Williams is usually a freelance writer who recommends Go Markets, On-line Derivatives and Forex trading Investing Brokers structured in Melbourne, Australia who offer you trading accounts for beginners and the greater advance traders utilizing the MetaTrader four Platform.

Points to earn money with Forex Dealing

Some months back, in other of our blogs, the Clube do Dinheiro (Income Club, in Portuguese), certainly one of our readers asked us to speak about doing income with Forex trading Dealing, that’s, if we considered it a kind of lucrative expenditure and what the greatest guidelines to earn money with Forex trading Trading.

What exactly is Foreign exchange Dealing?

Should you participate in forums, communities or blogs about cash, organization and investments, you’re likely utilized to read this word, but maybe not provided due focus. Currency trading it would be the merger of international words (referring to estangeiro, overseas currency) and transaction (trade, trade, procedure of purchasing and promoting yet again), so Currency trading (Overseas Swap) it may be the practice of buying and marketing dangerous currency exchange for purposes of earnings taking, that may be, cash.

How is it? Pass on? What exactly is this?

Properly, ahead of I keep on, let me explain what it really is multiply. When a lender lends income or consider money from a person (very popular operations!), There is really a distinction concerning how a great deal it pays to borrow (obviously, interest costs are reduced, mainly because he wishes to shell out as minor as feasible) and how he desires acquire for their loans (inside event, the interest is greater because he wishes to earn money!).

Inside the event of Foreign currency Dealing, the spread will effect how a lot you have to pay to get a particular international currency exchange. Certainly, the smaller the spread, the much better available for you, given that you fork out a lesser amount of for the transaction.

Okay, continuing … Forex and Spread …

Nicely, as I was saying, some time ago the amount of data published was more restricted, producing it difficult, especially to the modest investor, uncover the ideal possibilities. Nevertheless, currently you’ll find quite a few organizations that disseminate the values with the propagate of several finance institutions and personal institutions, disseminating these kinds of info, which includes around the Internet.

Leverage Foreign currency Exchanging Approach

Earlier, we wrote an article known as Tips to generate profits with Foreign currency Trading and now we’ll talk about this subject once again. We made the decision to speak a lot more about Forex Dealing since this is growing to be a identified choice type and you require be sure you will know how to manage in Foex Investing marketplace later when you desire.

Leverage Currency trading Dealing Approach – one particular probable tactic

A single feasible strategy is leverage Forex trading tactic, where you possibly can “borrow money” to raise your earning prospective. It’s actually achievable since most on-line brokerage houses present major leverage ratios, like 100:1 ratio, what suggests to each USD 1.00 it is possible to negociate as much as USD 100.00!

If you intend to utilize this type of method, you should go through following advices:

* Use stop reduction orders to lower loss dangers or losses;

* Use a good buying and selling program, capable to assist you with beneficial details about tips on how to bring profits and cut losses;

* Don’t invest in so many plenty. Commence to maintaining hold tiny positions, like 1 or two tons;

* Assess if risk/reward ratio is beneficial available for you. A doable very good risk reward ration may be two:one;

* You never will need leverage all of one’s operations. Use it only if required and fascinating.

Now, see you in our up coming content, talking about another forex trading trading strategy, ok?

Christiano Santos – About the Author:

If you would like to learn more about how to make money in Forex Trading, there are two places where you can look for more information: Tips to make money with forex trading and Dicas para ganhar dinheiro com Forex Trading.

Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/investing-articles/forex-trading-techniques-that-function-understanding-the-fundamentals-2779265.html

Financial Help for Unemployed

Unemployment could be the most detrimental stage in the lifetime of a person. It may be irritating for people who have finished the amount through great establishments to maintain trying to find jobs from one spot to another. Out of work people suffer from recession or lack of money to satisfy their own basic needs and those of the family. Financial help for unemployed single mothers is completely important so that they can use the cash for running their household and to educate their own children. Although government financial assist with regard to unemployed is provided in several counties, especially in created countries of the west, many people are not aware about these types of facilities. The subsequent few sentences shall put forth some information about financial help with regard to unemployed people.

How you can Seek Financial Help with regard to Out of work?

Financial assist for out of work may most likely are available in the type of secured loans approved by banks and financial establishments. However, the truth is that absolutely no bank provides priority to out of work individuals while advancing loans, as there is always a fear of fall behind in the event that he does not generate nicely. Seeking loans can become somewhat simple if you have powerful assets and bank amounts. Your bank accounts could be thoroughly examined before your own loan proposal is lastly accepted. The qualities you own is going to be considered when authorities will decide about whether or not to give you loans or otherwise by detailed analysis and by discovering the current market price via cautious as well as systematic valuation analysis. Investment in precious metal and shares may come handy whilst applying for loans with regard to the out of work. You’ll be able to promise your shares with the financial institution and look for cash if you can fulfill the necessary prerequisites. Previous credit score is also regarded as before sanctioning a person the loan quantity. For those who have successfully paid back just about all loans before your own unemployment, the chances of getting a loan obviously increases due to a a good credit score history.

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The role of government. Taxation. Business ethics

For the past two or three decades, determining the role of the government in business cycle has perhaps been the central political and economic issue in industrial democracies. Although the number of nationalized industries is steadily declining in most parts of the world, people with left-wing views still generally believe that the government has an essential role to play in providing the economic infrastructure (public transport, telecommunications, and so on) and ensuring the provision of services such as education, health care, social security and perhaps housing, and regulating working conditions, health and safety standards, and so on. People with right-wing views, on the contrary, generally argue that many (or most, or maybe all) of these activities can be left to private enterprise and the market system, and that the role of the government should perhaps be restricted to activities such as defense, the police, and the justice system. They argue that too much regulation is bad for business, and leads to inefficiency.

Foe example if we look at the role of the Department of Trade and Industry which is under the jurisdiction of the British government, we’ll see the following picture. The key areas of DTA involvement are developing of trade, investments and export, developing of industry inside the UK, and regulating or ensuring open, competing markets, mergers and monopoly policy. And the main focus of DTI’s work at the moment is to provide detailed analysis of the markets, the priority markets that Britain is aiming fir, for service of industry, and then help, particularly for the small and medium sized companies, to tackle those markets in an efficient way. The specific help is that each priority market, there are 80 of them around the world, have a desk officer who’s wholly responsible for providing information about that country,  detailed economic and political description of the market, sector information on whatever interest you. And then beyond that they can give you the help of the embassy of that country.

Besides that kind of help, government can be of help in other areas. One well-known American economist J.K. Galbraith tried to describe responsibilities of the state as he sees it. First of all, in no country does the market system provide good low-cost housing. This is a matter of prime importance and must everywhere be a public responsibility, because  badly-housed or homeless people are visibly at odds with the good society.

Health care is also a public responsibility in all civilized lands as well as many other essential functions – parks and recreational facilities, police, libraries, the arts. All those are more needed by the underclass than by the affluent. Those who attack the services of the state are usually those who can afford to provide similar services for themselves.

In the good society it also must be attention to science, including medical research. The market system invests for relatively short-run return. Therefore to support science is the responsibility of the state.

But all above mentioned information doesn’t mean that everyone share this opinion. According to another well-known economist R.Friedman, the role of government as it is now has greatly limited our human freedom. According to his words the limitations imposed on our economic freedom threaten to bring two centuries of economic progress to an end.

I’ll try to explain this point of view. An essential part of economic freedom is freedom to choose how to use our income: how much to spend on ourselves and on what items; how much to save and in what form; how much to give away and to whom. Currently, more than 40% of our income is disposed of on our behalf by government at federal, state and local levels combined.

As consumers we are not even free to choose how to spend that part of out income that is left after taxes as there are a lot of restrictions on buying or consuming some goods – for instance cars without seat belts.

And freedom to use the resources we possess in accordance with our own values – freedom to entry any occupation, engage in any business enterprise, buy from or sell to anyone else  – all these are regulated by the state. Today you are not free to offer your services as a lawyer, a dentist, for example, without getting first a permit or licence from a government official. You are not free to work overtime at terms mutually agreeable to you and your employer, unless the terms conform to rules and regulations laid down by a government official.

So it was another opinion, contrary to the first one. Both of them are quite logical and have right for existence.  Maybe we should combine them somehow  to create an ideal system suitable for everyone?

TAXATION

A tax is a payment of money legally demanded by a government authority to meet public expenses.

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in ? modern state: without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; nor the workers in government offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves, nor also the ministers and members of parliament who govern the country for us. By means of taxation we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.

But though everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged. There are two main ways, by which taxes may be paid:

1) each person have to ??? ? certain amount of money to the government each year;

2) there is ? tax on things that people buy and sell.

In most countries, ? direct tax on persons, which is called income tax exists. It is arranged in such ? way, that the poorest people ??? nothing, and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer’s income grows.

But countries with direct taxation nearly always have indirect taxation, too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the form of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is ? tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, ? lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed less money is obtained, but the tax is fairer, as the rich pay it.

Probably, this last kind of indirect tax together with a direct tax on income which is low for the poor and high for the rich is the best arrangement.

The primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purposes. Indirect excise duties, for example, can be designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, and so on. Governments can also encourage capital investment by permitting various methods of accelerated depreciation accounting that allow companies to deduct more of the cost of investments from their profits, and consequently reduce their tax bills.

There is always ? lot of debate as to the fairness of tax systems. Business profits, for example, are generally taxed twice: companies pay tax on their profits (corporation tax in Britain, income tax in the USA), and shareholders pay income tax on dividends. Income taxes in most countries are progressive, and are one of the ways in which governments can redistribute wealth. The problem with progressive taxes is that the marginal rate - the tax people pay on any additional income – is always high, which is generally ? disincentive to both working and investing. On the other hand, most sales taxes are slightly regressive, because poorer people need to spend ? larger proportion of their income on consumption than the rich.

In many countries taxes are quite fair and do not harm interests of the citizens. It may exist in countries, where the expenditures of the government are not very high and consequently it need not to collect high taxes or the government has other sources of income, such as profitable business activities. Or the police of the state is to give more freedom to business to make the economic situation better. But some governmnents have insufficient money to finance it’s expenditures and they increase tax rates as an alternative of borrowing money. Or they may limit unnecessary business activities. This of course decreases incentive to work, because profits become very small.amd many businessmen try to hide their incomes. There are lots of methods, both legal and illegal, to hide profits from taxation. For example, tax avoidance (reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum) or tax evasion (making false declaration to tax authorities).

The higher the tax rates, the more people are tempted to cheat, but there is ? substantial «black» or «underground» economy nearly everywhere. In Italy, for example, self-employed people – whose income is more difficult to control than that of company employees – account for morethan half of national income. Lots of people also have undeclared, part-time evening jobs (some people call this

«moonlighting») with small and medium-sized family firms, on which no one pays any tax or national insurance. At the end of 1986, the Director of the Italian National Institute of Statistics calculated the size of the underground economy, and added 16.7% to Italy’s gross national product (GNP) figure, and then claimed that Italy had overtaken Britain to become the world’s fifth largest economy.

To reduce income tax liability, some employers give highly-paid employees lots of  «perks» (short for perquisites) instead of taxable money, such as company cars, free health insurance, and subsidized lunches. Legal ways of avoiding tax, such as these, are known as loopholes in tax laws. Life insurance policies, pension plans and other investments by which individuals can postpone the payment of tax, are known as tax shelters. Donations to charities can be subtracted from the income on which tax is calculated.

Companies have ? variety of ways of avoiding tax on profits. They can bring forward capital expenditure (on new factories, machines, and so on) so that at the end of the year all the profits have been used up; this is known as making ? tax loss. Multinational companies often set up their head offices in countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas, where taxes are low; such countries are known as tax havens. Criminal organizations, meanwhile, tend to pass money through ? series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors – and the ??li??; this is known as laundering money.

Business ethics

In the 1920s, many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension funds, employees stock ownership, life insurance schemes, unemployment compensation funds, limitations on working hours, and high wages. They built houses, churches, schools and libraries, provided medical and legal services, and gave money to charities. Since this is fairly surprising behavior for business corporations, there must be a good explanation. And I guess we have it.

First of all I’d like to mention that such words as “ethic” or “culture” used to be considered as having less in common with business. But it’s not so. Nowadays the positive image of an entrepreneur is essential part of any businessman, necessary for success in business.  And hopefully this image isn’t just showing-off.

Business and moral values are connected much closer than it might seem at first sight. Business undertakings include dealing with people, creating different contacts, and as you know contacts with people are usually built upon the basis of trust. You don’t need to cheat to get profit. It is usually the result of situation when market price exceeds expenditures.

Though many examples of concluding a bargain on parole testify to the fact that promise given by the person you trust sometime more valued than money given by somebody else.

Cheating, compromises with one’s conscience are witnesses of immaturity of market relations, ignorance of businessmen. It seems to be quite logical, but many people running their own businesses forget about this elementary truism – unfair business has no future. Once betrayed, a person won’t trust you or even start to play this game himself.

So to make a conclusion of the all above mentioned I’d rather say that a company, any business has responsibilities to its suppliers, its customers, its employees, the local community and society in general as well as to its shareholders. It will provide profit in the way of fair bargains with partners, loyalty of workers, better environment, etc. Consequently large corporations introduced ‘welfare capitalism’ as a way of creating favorable public opinion. Even rational capitalists, starting with Henry Ford, realized that a better paid work force would be more loyal, and would be able to buy more goods and services, and that a better educated work force would be more efficient one.

Of course, pure free market theorists disapprove of welfare capitalism and all actions inspired by ‘social responsibility’ rather than the attempt to maximize profit. Since the benefits of such initiatives are not visible, Milton Friedman criticized them for being unbisinesslike and for threatening the survival not only of individual corporations but also the general vitality of capitalism. In newspaper article titled ‘The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits’ he argued that responsibility of any company is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible, while of course  conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in laws and those embodied in ethical custom.

Thus executives should not make expenditures on reducing pollution beyond the mount that is required by law or that is in the best interest of the firm. Nor should they deliberately hire less-qualified, long-term unemployed workers, or workers from ethnic minorities suffering from discrimination. To do is to be guilty of spending the stockholders’ (or the customers’ or the employees’, whatever)  money. Friedman does not consider the possibility that stockholders might prefer to receive lower dividends but live in a society with less pollution or less unemployment and fewer social problems.

An alternative view to the stockholder model exemplified by Friedman’s article is a stakeholder model, outlined, for example, in John Kenneth Galbraith’s book, The New Industrial State.  According to this approach, business managers have responsibilities to all the groups of people with a stake in or an interest in or a claim on the firm. A firm which is managed for the benefits of all its shareholders, will not, for example, pollute the area around its factories, or close down a factory employing several hundred people in a small town with no other significant employers, and relocate production elsewhere in order to make small financial savings. Proponents of the stakeholder approach suggest that suppliers, customers, employees and member of the local community should be strongly represented on a company’s board of directors.

Another aspect of business ethic I’d like to cover concerns the difference between legitimacy of some actions and their relevance, conformation to the basic rules of society. Sometimes some actions we do are wide-spread but it does not mean they are legal. For instance industrial espoinage or bribing corrupt officials, telling only half the truth in advertisements and keeping quiet about bad aspects of a product. Lobbing, I mean trying to persuade politicians to pass laws favorable to your particular industry, is legal, but can be condemned by public opinion. So it’s rather difficult to choose what rules to follow – laws, business practice, own conscience…